The Importance Of Special Education For Students With...

Special education is considered to be a relatively new field within education, with true recognition of student’s disabilities occurring around the 1900’s (Frost Kersten, 2011). Up until that time, students with disabilities were viewed with superstition and fear. As the public became more passionate about students with disabilities and with the passage of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, the stage was set for providing equal opportunities for education of all children. Additional court cases in the 1970’s across the nation helped ensure that states were obligated under federal law to provide equality and free and appropriate education for students with disabilities (Frost Kersten, 2011). With the rise of educational laws, guidelines, and polices within the field of special education, leaders are faced with the task of providing appropriate education for all learners within their building. Principals have evolved from disciplinarians and managers to i nstructional leaders, which includes more complex and demanding responsibilities (Lynch, 2012). Additionally, the passage of No Child Left Behind (NCLB) and the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) have further highlighted the need for principals to step up as instructional leaders for special education as well as the general curriculum (Lynch, 2012). Accountability measures have solidified the importance of the principal within this role. According to McHatton, Boyer, and Terry (2010), currentShow MoreRelatedThe Importance of Education for Children with Disability Essay1464 Words   |  6 PagesEducation and Disability INTRODUCTION The importance of education for all children, especially for those with disability and with limited social and economic opportunities, is indisputable. Indeed, the special education system allowed children with disability increased access to public education. Apart from that, the special education system has provided for them an effective framework for their education, and for the institutions involved to identify children with disability sooner. In turn, thisRead MoreInstructional Strategies For Students With Intellectual Disabilities771 Words   |  4 PagesThe third research sub-question in this study described special education teachers’ instructional strategies for using the iPad as an instructional tool to enhance the teaching and learning process for elementary learners with intellectual disabilities. Students with intellectual disabilities poses a vast range of challenges to special education teachers when using the iPad as an instructional tool to enhance the teachi ng and learning process in classrooms. Using the iPad as an instructional toolRead MoreThe Historical Foundation Of People With Disabilities Essay1386 Words   |  6 PagesFoundation: The historical foundation of people with disability has evolved from a place where people with disabilities were hidden away to present time being involved member of their community. disability. One of the first changes for people with disabilities was the Kennedy Era of 1960. President Kennedy used his platform to challenge the quality of life of people with disabilities. When his MR panel found a non-existing care for people with disabilities, their was a removal of mental institutions forRead MoreHandbook Of Leadership And Administration For Special Education992 Words   |  4 PagesLeadership and Administration for Special Education. New York, NY: Routledge. Text Purpose The authors have organized this handbook into five sections that address critical issues in special education leadership. The first section focuses on general topics related to leadership for learning. These areas include the importance of raising the performance of all students in an era of accountability, historical and conceptual issues in leading and administrating special education, professional leadership standardsRead MoreFamily Participation And Child Needs Special Education1509 Words   |  7 Pagesinvolvement play a crucial role when the child needs special education. This essay will discuss the importance of family participation and impacts of family participation in special education. Firstly, the essay will briefly describe what challenges special need children face, secondly, the essay will discuss key terms in the literature about the importance of family participation in education program and importance of parents in inclusive education and their benefits. Finally , the assay will be concludedRead More Technology Needs in the Special Education Secondary Classroom1370 Words   |  6 Pagesof technology within the special education classroom is lacking. Special education class rooms and resource settings utilize only the basic, out of date technology that has been in use for many years. Typically the only available technology made available to special education or resource settings are the overhead projector, television, and tape recorder. According to the National Longitudinal Transition Study-2 (2009), seventy-five percent of students with disabilities rarely or never use computersRead MoreHow Special Education Has Changed Today s Society800 Words   |  4 Pagesinsights on how special education has changed in the past 31 years. People are now becoming more aware and accepting of children with disabilities when at one time others were uneducated and uncertain. The Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) once named Education for All Handicapped Children Act allows children with disabilities to be educated within public schools for free. Due to IDEA, children are no longer educated within residential centers, hospitals, homes, or special schools (FreibergRead MoreUnderstanding Special Education Essay example1239 Words   |  5 Pages Understanding Special Education Introduction Education is a birthright of every child. Special education involves the education of students with special needs in a way that addresses a students’ individual disabilities and requirements. These programs are designed so that special learners may learn skills which will assist them in coming closer in learning to children without disabilities. The field of special education has moved from a perspective of protection and caretaking to an emphasis onRead MoreInclusion Of Special Needs For Students With Disabilities Essay1174 Words   |  5 Pagesstructuring the education system to include students with disabilities, there has being an ongoing research topic of inclusion. Inclusion, in this area, means the full inclusion of students with special needs in the general education classroom . The research and the debates about the issue of whether or not there should be full inclusion of Special Education students in all general education classrooms in all public schools throughout the United States rages on. The number of students with special needs thatRead MoreInclusion Of Special Needs For Students With Disabilities1173 Words   |  5 Pagesstructuring the education system to include students with disabilities, there has being an ongoing research topic of inclusion. Inclusion, in this area, means the full inclusion of studen ts with special needs in the general education classroom. The research and the debates about the issue of whether or not there should be full inclusion of Special Education students in all general education classrooms in all public schools throughout the United States rages on. The number of students with special needs that

Obesity In America. Obesity Is Becoming A Major Problem

Obesity in America Obesity is becoming a major problem due to many causes and because of that people are struggling with obesity these days. Obesity in America is one of the major public health concern right now. Especially when Fast food now is increasing in bad way and it’s easily these days to find fast food near you or away from you. Things is different right with all these changes been made to our society. The good side of that change comes with the bad side. The problem is people are inventing technology that makes the life easier and make the person lazier, such as the computers, tablets and etc. Lacks of healthy lifestyle, people are changing healthy diet with unhealthy ones, and Obesity affects our health by having disease,†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, the major concern right is to fight that problem starting with the children since as most of the children attend to become adults in following unhealthy food, drinks so they can become bigger so they can look older by getting that size faster. The other type of children are trying only following the same habit because of their parents, and that depends on the way the parent living. Parent are buzzy due to live demands, and most of them work two or even three jobs. That will lead the parent to rely more on the fast food rather than have some time to make a healthy homemade food. Because of that American metabolism is slowing down which means that they digesting and absorbing more slowly, while that won’t happen if they eat healthy. People need to get educated also about how the metabolism; is the process by which your body converts what you eat and drink into energy. If people think about fast food they will realize that fast food is bad habit that lead to huge health problem for example, ulcers, and gallbladder infections. It also has a negative influence on a person’s weight and the amount of fat in the body because by taking that type of food as the first option for dinner, and that meal contains two thousand to three thousand calories, when the body can burn almost two thousand a day, and women burn less than that. That means people are adding extra weight every day without a proper training as well. Genetics and gender are also causes ofShow MoreRelatedObesity Today s Youth And Obesity Essay975 Words   |  4 Pagesday. Recently, there have been many documentaries about obesity in today’s youth. Children are gaining more weight and everyone thinks it is because of technology and the lack of outdoor play. That could be the reason, but it can also be something entirely different. America is known for their big meals and fattening fast food. There are fast food restaurants around every corner and it is cheap so this also contributes to the obesity rate rising. Americans are known to other countries as theRead MoreWeight On Obesity1551 Words   |  7 PagesAll the Weight on Our Shoulders America is in danger; this rising threat is obesity, which is growing as the leading cause of preventable deaths just behind tobacco. Throughout its history, America has seen many different conflicts and threats rise and fall and with each threat. Each generation has risen to the challenge time and time again. Now, it’s the new age generation’s turn to do the same. Obesity is a significant problem and it must be curbed or it will crush us under its weight. As the citizensRead MoreObesity Is The High Consumption Of Junk Food1046 Words   |  5 Pages Obesity in the United States has been increasingly cited as a major health issue in recent decades. In 2010, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reported 35.7% of American adults as obese and 17% of American children. Obesity is obviously a big problem in America. One of the major causes of Obesity in America is the high consumption of junk food. In order to combat America s obesity problem, junk food must be made less appealing to the public. Lack of exercise and genetics alsoRead MoreObesity : Obesity And Obesity859 Words   |  4 PagesAmericans that become obese increase astronomically. Because of the obesity rate in America, the country became the top fattest nation in the entire world. Because of the high obesity rate in America, many organizations created statistical websites to inform the public of the amount of overweight people in the country. Many clinical websites were established by doctors to inform people about the risk factors of obesity and how to t reat obesity. There are many reasons why Americans are overweight, but theRead MoreObesity : A Major Problem Today Society Within The United States1548 Words   |  7 PagesObesity is a major problem in today’s society within the United States. To be more specific, childhood obesity. Childhood obesity is becoming worse, and the adults don’t realize the impact it has on the rest of the child s life. According to Americas Let’s Move initiative the definition of Obesity is, â€Å"excess body fat. Because body fat is difficult to measure directly, obesity is often measured by body mass index (BMI), a common scientific way to screen for whether a person is underweight, normalRead MoreObesity : A Controversial And Big Medical Issue Within Today s Society991 Words   |  4 PagesCentral Idea: Obesity has become a controversial and big medical issue within today’s society. (Attention Getter): Take a look around you the next time you go to the store, to the mall, the movies, or anywhere that you go. What you will see is what has apparently become the new trend among children and adults. What you will see has become a big problem and it will continue to grow each year. Is obesity the fastest growing condition in the United States. Read MoreChildhood Obesity And Its Effects On America1394 Words   |  6 PagesHave you ever wondered what are the major causes of obesity? The CDC (2017) states that one out of every five children in the U.S. are overweight or obese, and this number is continuing to rise. Wilson (2016) states that many children who are obese develop health complications, such as joint, gallbladder, and sleeping problems. The majority of children who are obese as kids tend to be obese as adults. Reason being, many children develop bad eating habits by learning from their surroundings. WhenRead MoreCauses Of Obesity In America1030 Words   |  5 PagesObesity is a big problem in the United States today. According to Harvard Womens Health Watch, â€Å"33% of American adults are obese, compared with 15% in the late 1970s. More than 60% of women are overweight or obese†. When it comes to losing weight, many people devotedly believe in the 80/20 rule, which is what and how a person eats is 80% of the effort in losing weight. This is somewhat disconcerting if these people live in America because of the obesity epidemic currently going on, which is causedRead MoreChildhood Obesity : A Developing Problem1197 Words   |  5 PagesObesity in America is a developing problem, and not just in adults. Today, one in three American children and teens are either overweight or obese; almost triple the rate previously in 1963. Child obesity has expeditiously become one of the most genuine health challenges of the 21st century (â€Å"10 Surprising Facts About Childhood Obesity†). Physical inactivity, race, junk food in schools, the mass media, and the child’s parents flaws are all factors that have resulted in the prevalence of childhoodRead MoreChildhood Obesity : An American Epidemic1263 Words   |  6 PagesChildhood Obesity: An American Epidemic America is facing a serious challenge! Children’s health is becoming a critical concern. Childhood obesity has become an â€Å"epidemic disease† that has rapidly grown over the years in the United States. According to the National Center for Health Statistics in 2011 states that, â€Å"childhood obesity has more than doubled in children and quadrupled in adolescents in the past 30 years. In 2012, more than one- third of children and adolescents were overweight or obese†

Marriage is less valued Essay Example For Students

Marriage is less valued Essay Marriage is less valued today than ever before. Marriage and the way we view it today, differs greatly from the past. We no longer have to be married to be a family. Our views and opinions on marriage and its meaning have changed considerably. Marriage isnt necessarily less valued, its just viewed differently. The fact that the divorce rate has doubled in the last twenty years could lead us to believe that marriage isnt important to us anymore. Instead of persevering and working at married life, people are more frequently choosing to end their relationships. However, these divorced couples seem to be merely opting out of poor quality relationships to look for something better. In the past divorce was frowned upon, we were expected to carry on regardless of whether we were happy or not. Until 1949, there was no financial help available for divorce cases. Making the process easier and cheaper has given people the opportunity to leave empty shell marriages behind. For example in 1991, 75% of women and 80% of men divorced before the age of 35 were remarried within 10 years. These figures show that we havent dismissed the idea of marriage. Repeated remarriage doesnt mean we take marriage lightly, just that society has changed and were not expected to put up with being unhappy. People are demanding a better quality of marriage, it might take two or three attempts to get it right. With the majority of one-parent families being created through divorce, we cant use lone parents as an example of marriage being less valued. Lone parent families are often only temporarily in this situation and like divorcees go on to remarry. On the surface, the significant decline in marriage can appear to suggest its unimportance. This can simply reflect an increase in cohabitation. Attitudes have changed, its quite acceptable to have a sexual relationship and children outside wedlock. Living with a partner can be as strong and binding as marriage. Many people choose to cohabit and have a family. Theyre married in every sense of the word, only without the certificate. If anything it reinforces the idea that marriage is very important. Ensuring we have chosen the right person to be our partner before committing ourselves. Many cohabiting couples go on to get married later. Again, we have more choices nowadays, were not expected to rush into things were not sure of. The cost of a wedding ceremony must also be taken into consideration. For the average family, finding thousands of pounds for something theyre living quite happily without isnt always easy. Less than half of todays weddings are a traditional religious ceremony. A civil ceremony is a popular option. This sort of wedding can be held anywhere and involve almost anything. Some will view this as trivialising marriage, rewriting vows and choosing bizarre locations for the ceremony. However the couples involved must be taking things pretty seriously to go to such lengths. After all, its their day and theyre personalising things because it is so special to them. With church membership and attendance down we see an increasing number of couples doing things their own way. This is down to attitudes and beliefs changing and with it the idea of what marriage is about. Conventional roles within the family are changing. Some women no longer want to be a mother and housewife first. Their expectations of marriage are different from the past. Careers for both sexes can be priority to create a stable environment for relationships and children later on. This confirms the value of marriag e. The average age at marriage has increased. .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead , .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead .postImageUrl , .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead , .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead:hover , .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead:visited , .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead:active { border:0!important; } .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead:active , .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u5f389fd0f59d4d7a53dd230b0caf0ead:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: An American President Essay The difference between the past and the present is the choices we have. If were unhappily married we have the option to change things. If we choose to cohabit theres no strain on us to marry if were not ready. When we do marry we can say how and where. Modern life demands a certain quality in relationships. We want to get more out of a relationship outside the home. We want to be friends with our partner and spend free time together. Marriage isnt less valued today, the way we live our lives has changed and so have our reasons for choosing married life. Bibliography:Sociology in Focus

What is popular culture and why is it such a big part of life in the UK Essay Example For Students

What is popular culture and why is it such a big part of life in the UK? Essay According to Strinati (2004), popular culture is produced by commercial industries for markets of consumers must be a major factor influencing this relationship. If this is so, it must play a crucial part in shaping any meanings and ideas contained in the popular culture produced and consumed. In the modern age, the popular culture has demonstrated diversification. Miller and McHoul (1998:3) point out that the popular is marked by hierarchies of artistic value, with European high art and the philosophical aesthetics of western ruling classes set against the entertainment that people purchase from the commercial world. We will write a custom essay on What is popular culture and why is it such a big part of life in the UK? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now There is a tendency that popular culture as postmodern culture is going to be accepted by the commercial society. The films, the sports, the magazines, and almost popular forms are advertised by postmodernism. So much as people may experience the first time when they hear Ewis Cosetllo with the familiarity of background pop in the kitchen without any surprise. It is hard to say the tendency is determined by the commercial society, but it is really related with the development of the commercial society. Carey (1992:34) has shown the truths that the existing models of communication are less an analysis than a contribution to the chaos of modern culture. Modern media of communications widen the range of reception while narrowing the range of distribution (Carey, 1992:136). People should admit that the media development relies on the commercial development, while the media development is promoting the commercial information and cultural dissemination. It should be said that popular culture has become a big part of the peoples daily life. Conclusion: Popular culture is driven by economic interest obviously. The term Popular culture refers to sets of values, beliefs, trends or modes of symbolic expression readily available to and acknowledged by the masses McCluskey (2006). British popular culture along with the transformation of cultural elements is changing all the time. And the transformation indeed is by far a phenomenon decided by the economical condition at current trend. In the past, working class did the main role in popular culture. The forms were quite simple, just as different performance including singing, dancing, speaking. Because people barely read or write available to and acknowledged by the masses. McCluskey (2006) states that British popular culture is not restricted in audience to the working class majority, but can be seen to bind disparate cultural elements in Britain and challenge fading traditional class structures. Reference: Alan McCluskey (2006) British Culture Toby Miller and Alec McHoul(1998) Popular Culture and Everyday Life. London: SAGE Publications John Storey (2003) Inventing popular culture Blackwell publish Andrew Horrall (2001) popular culture in London c. 1890-1918: the transformation of entertainment Manchester university press Dominic Strinati (2004) An introduction to theories of popular culture Bodmin James W. Carey (1992) Communication as culture : essays on media and society Great Britain: Routledge

Articulated Prepositions in Italian

Articulated Prepositions in Italian You’ve learned about prepositions like â€Å"a†, â€Å"di†, and â€Å"da†, but you’ve also been seeing ones that look like â€Å"al†, â€Å"del†, and â€Å"dal†. Are these the same prepositions, and if so, how do you know when to use them? These prepositions are called articulated prepositions, and they are formed when the simple preposition (like â€Å"su†) combines with a definite article (like â€Å"lo†), and form one word that looks like, â€Å"sullo†. Why Do Articulated Prepositions Exist? Despite the difficulty they add to all of the Italian grammar you have to learn, articulated prepositions are probably one of the reasons you like listening to Italian. They add a melodic flow to the language that makes Italian easier on the ears. What Do Articulated Prepositions Look Like? Below you’ll find a table with all of the articulated prepositions.   For example: Ho comprato delle uova. - I bought some eggs. Delle - di le Note: Pay particular attention to what happens when you combine the preposition â€Å"in† with a definite article as the form changes more dramatically than the others. Articulated Prepositions in Italian Definite Article A DI DA IN SU CON il al del dal nel sul col/con il lo allo dello dallo nello sullo con lo l all dell dall nell sull con l i ai dei dai nei sui coi/con i gli agli degli dagli negli sugli con gli la alla della dalla nella sulla con la l all dell dall nell sull con l le alle delle dalle nelle sulle con le Esempi: Vai al cinema? - You’re going to the movies?Vorrei tanto andare negli Stati Uniti! - I would really like to go to the United States!Ci sono tanti ristoranti sulla spiaggia. - There are a lot of restaurants on the beach.Uno dei miei amici mi ha consigliato di andare a Verona. Che ne pensi? - One of my friends advised that I go to Verona. What do you think?Mi piace leggere alla sera. - I like to read in the evening. Also, note that you only need to know how to change five of the seven prepositions into their articulated forms, with con typically only combining with il and i.   You never need to change â€Å"tra†, â€Å"fra† or â€Å"per†. When Do You Use Articulated Prepositions? When you do or do not use this form of prepositions can get tricky very quickly as there are often more exceptions than rules. However, there is one rule that tends to stay consistent. Typically, you would use articulated prepositions when the noun following whatever preposition you’re using requires an article, like â€Å"Che ore sono? - What time is it? → Sono le dieci. - It’s ten†. When you’re talking about time, the article is most likely needed. With that in mind, you would know to use an articulated preposition in this phrase: We’ll see each other at ten. → Ci vediamo alle dieci. Some expressions in Italian are also fixed and must include the articulated preposition, and you’ll often see this happen with locations. For example, â€Å"I’m going to to the dentist† would be, â€Å"Vado dal dentista†. It’s easier, however, to talk about when you should avoid using articulated prepositions. Here are the most common situations. DON’T use articulated prepositions before: A name, like â€Å"Luca†Names of cities, like â€Å"Boston†Fixed phrases, like â€Å"vacanza da sogno - dream vacation†

Turner Surname Meaning and Origin

Turner Surname Meaning and Origin Turner is most commonly an occupational name for one who worked with a lathe to make items of wood, bone, or metal. The name derives from the Old French tornier and Latin Tornarius, meaning lathe. Other possible origins of the Turner surname include: An occupational name for an official in charge of a tournament, from the Old French tornei, meaning a tournament or contest of armed men.A variant of the surname Turnehare, a nickname for a fast runner from the  Middle English turnen, meaning to turn hare, a fast rabbit.An occupational name for a guard in a tower, from the Middle High German turn, meaning tower.A habitational name for someone from any one of various places named Turna, Turno,  Thurn, etc. This origin can be hard to pinpoint to a specific country, meaning individuals with the Turner surname could have come from Poland, Austria, Germany or any number of other countries. Turner is the 49th most popular surname in the United States and the 27th most common surname in England. Surname Origin:  English, Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings:  TOURNIER, TURNEY, DOERNER, DURNER, TARNER, TERNER, TOURNEAU, TURNOR, THURNER, TOURNER, TOURNOR Famous People Sith the Surname TURNER - 18th and 19th century British landscape painterNat Turner - leader of a violent slave rebellion in VirginiaCharles Henry Turner -  pioneering African-American scientist and scholarIke Turner - RB legend; husband of Tina TurnerTed Turner - founder of CNN; philanthropistKathleen Turner - American actressLana Turner - American film actress and pin-up girlJosh Turner - American country music starJohn Turner - 17th Prime Minister of Canada Where Do People With the TURNER Surname Live? Turner is the worlds 900th most common surname, according to surname distribution data from  Forebears. It is most common in various English speaking countries, including New Zealand where it ranks 30th, England (31st), Australia (34th), Isle of Man (34th), Wales (46th) and the United States (48th). WorldNames PublicProfiler  identifies Turner as most prevalent in the Waitomo District of New Zealand, followed by the Otorohanga District. It also identifies the surname as especially common in Tasmania and Western Australia, as well as East Anglia and West Midlands in the United Kingdom. Genealogy Resources for the Surname TURNER 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? 100 Most Common English Surnames with MeaningsLearn how surnames originated in England, and about the four major types of surnames. Includes a list of 100 of the most popular English surnames along with their meanings. Turner Family Crest - Its Not What You ThinkContrary to what you may hear, there is no such thing as a Turner family crest or coat of arms for the Turner surname.  Coats of arms are granted to individuals, not families, and may rightfully be used only by the uninterrupted male-line descendants of the person to whom the coat of arms was originally granted.   Turner Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Turner surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Turner query. FamilySearch - TURNER GenealogyAccess over 7 million free historical records and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Turner surname and its variations on this free genealogy website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. TURNER Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Turner surname. DistantCousin.com - TURNER Genealogy Family HistoryExplore free databases and genealogy links for the last name Turner. The Turner Genealogy and Family Tree PageBrowse family trees and links to genealogical and historical records for individuals with the last name Turner from the website of Genealogy Today. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Third World Countries Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Third World Countries - Essay Example Accordingly, underdevelopment emerges as a consequences of culture, politics, dependency and colonialisation, although not necessarily in that order. Dependency theorists look towards history for the clarification of the reasons why some countries have successfully attained economic development while others have displayed a persistent failure to do the same and, are immediately influenced by Wallerstein's world systems theory. The aforementioned may be defined in the following terms (DuPlessis, 1988: 222): "Wallerstein's method, is premised on two linked propositions: first that social change occurs only in social systems and second, that the social system appropriate as an object of analysis is a world system Hence, his concern is with the evolution of structures of the whole system,' understood as entirely distinct from its component parts, rather than with the histories - even if treated comparatively - of the various regions, nations or people that it includes. A world system, is a real, identifiable, analyzable thing: bounded and substantially self-contained, it consists of a unified economy founded on a well-developed division of labor yet incorporating a multiplicity of cultures." As may be deduced from the above quote, the World Systems Theory (WST) defines the global political economy as a single whole, but comprised of numerous distinct categories. The first category is the core, who "benefited the most from the capitalist world economy," because they were the colonial powers and motivated colonialism in order to expand both their economic and political influence over the globe, using their strong military forces to do so ("Modern History Sourcebook", n.d.: n.p.). The second category, the Periphery, can be defined as the exploited and the oppressed compared to the exploiter and oppressor status of the core. As Lachman (1988) argues, the periphery countries did not have the strong and stable political systems which the core did, also lacking the military force which the core had. Consequently, this left them vulnerable to forced political and economic exploitation. Even with the demise of colonialism, the systems theory remains very active for two reasons. The first is that the economic effects of imperialism are long-term. This historical era gave the North or the core, a tremendous head start over the South in terms of development, even culminating in the regression of the economies of the South and limiting their potential for development. As stated in the "Modern History Sourcebook," according to Wallerstein's systems theory, "an analysis of the history of the capitalist world system shows that it has brought about a skewed development in which the economic and social disparities between sections of the world economy have increased rather than provided prosperity for all." The second is that colonialism was ultimately followed by neo-colonialism, whereby the multinational corporate representatives of the core continued the drainage of the south's resources and its transference to the North (Li, 2000). As per the presented argument, representing the stand of the dependency theorists on the question of the South's continued underdevelopment, underdevelopment is rooted in historical circumstances which effectively ensured the impoverishment of the South and its

Follow the details Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Follow the details - Essay Example Like many photographs, this one is one in which my entire family is gathered about the time when I was celebrating my 10th birthday. One of the reasons that the photograph bears so much importance to me is that it has both sets of my grandparents as well as my mother and father in it. Only a few years after the photo was taken, three of my four grandparents had passed away. In this way, the photo itself is a way to remember the happiest memories of my childhood. The second object is one that I have brought with me in my travels abroad; a leather bound copy of the Holy Koran. The book belonged to my father and my grandfather before him. It was always something that was unique and holy within our household and I remember being fascinated by it since I was very young. This fascination was due in part to the fact that it was physically different than all other books that we had in our house. The leather engraving on the cover and on the back was exquisite and the Arabic calligraphy that covered it had always sparked my imagination. In this way, when my father learned that I would be going overseas to study, he entrusted me with this family treasure. This was done not as a way to keep me safe or as a good luck charm but to remind me of my culture and of the importance of my upbringing even though I would be far away in the land of different customs and interpretations of right and wrong. This type of moral compass and guiding principle of my fai th and of my ethnicity was and is something that I keep close to my heart and treasure to this very day. The final article that this brief essay will discuss is that of my high school graduation diploma. Although having a high school graduation diploma in and of itself signifies little within the current era, it is not the receipt of the diploma itself that is of the most importance. Rather, it is the strong memories that are associated with it, the friendships I made, the times I spent, and the

Compare and Contrast of The Secret Life of Walter Mitty by James Essay

Compare and Contrast of The Secret Life of Walter Mitty by James Thurber and The Story of an Hour by Kate Chopin - Essay Example Even though the genre of both the stories is different, The Secret Life of Walter Mitty takes a humorous look at marriage and The Story of an Hour is more intense, but both deal with the negative aspects of marriage.Besides the main theme of marriage I think the writers also discuss how male and female react differently to situations. If the basic concept is woven around failing marriage then the two protagonists being of different gender provide an understanding as to how the two genders react in the condition. In the next few pages I provide a summary of both the stories and then discuss the two main themes of the stories, gender roles and marriage, under separate headings. Finally a conclusion is provided to the discussion. â€Å"The Secret Life of Walter Mitty† by James Thurber The story deals with the life of Walter Mitty, and old man, who has a dominant wife who bosses around her way while Walter Mitty helplessly listens to her. In order to escape from this reality he li ves in a secret world, a world where he is the boss, he daydreams. In fact he daydreams so often that it is only when somebody else nudges him that he’s brought back to reality. It is interesting to see how he dreams of himself as being a supergenious surgeon or a brave soldier. The writer has used humour to describe the situations however, underneath this humour lies the failure of a person and his inability to do or say anything against a dominant person. It is to be noted that even though it would seem that a dominant wife is the most probable reason for Mitty’s secret life however, the author does suggest that Mitty is the one who follows people cowardly. Despite that marriage can be considered as one of the themes of this story and hence it’s being discussed here. â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin Here unlike the previous story the protagonist is a woman who apparently has a weak heart. Her husband has died in an accident and her well wisher s are wondering how to break the news to her considering her condition. However, to reader’s surprise the woman is more happy than sad on hearing about her husband’s death. Thus, Kate Chopin too discusses the negative side of marriage. Even her condition can be partly blamed on the marriage and the stress it must have brought on her. She is happy to learn that she might finally be free. She is overjoyed. Even though it seems a little cruel but the author provides a different aspect of human nature. It could be that the protagonist felt nothing for her husband anymore, maybe the burden of marriage and a strained relationship had killed all her feelings. In the end it is learned that her husband had not dies in the accident. However, to everybody’s astonishment the protagonist dies of a heart attack. She finally does get her freedom. Marriage as a theme In our society marriage is the legal certificate that recognizes the existence of a man and a woman as husband a nd wife. However, this institution seems to have its own stresses and responsibilities and writers have now and then discussed the various aspects of this institution. Here we discuss the two stories that bring the negative aspect of the institution to light. Marriage involves understanding your partner in order to carry on the relationship, which is the same with any other relationship. However, when two people live together the sense of mystery is lost and when one of the partners happens to be of dominant nature the other inevitably suffers.

History of African American Voters

History of African American Voters In the year of 1619, American citizens decided that the new and accepted way of life was to force African citizens into slavery by kidnapping them and bringing them by ship to the land now known as the United States. These groups of people initially were brought to the North American colony of Jamestown, Virginia. They ended up becoming property and sold as slaves to their white owners. Slave-owners needed and depended on their property to aid in the production of lucrative crops such as tobacco, indigo and cotton. This went on for over 200 years. The northern and southern colonies did not agree on many laws. There was a big disagreement regarding slavery. It brought about the Civil War that took place between 1861 and 1865. Many changes took place. Slavery was supposed to be abolished. When the war was over, African Americans were not readily told that they were free to leave the plantations that they considered to be their homes. Slave masters were afraid that if they left, they would not be able to plant and harvest their crops that they depended on for income. When the freed slaves found out that they could leave the plantations, they realized that they had nowhere to go. Some were satisfied with that and simply set out to go north where they hoped to settle down in any land of prosperity. Others took offers to remain on the plantations and work the land in exchange for food and a place to live. They were not given property to claim as their own. They were only given promises. Everyday life seemed the same. Nothing changed. From about 1900 to 1965, most African Americans were not allowed to vote in the South. When they tried to vote, they were threatened, beaten, and sometimes killed. Many of their homes were burned down or they were thrown off of the land that they lived on. Because most African Americans could not and did not attend school, they were illiterate and were not allowed to vote. Many states allowed only property owners to vote. There were instances where jars were filled with gumballs and the African Americans were told that they could vote if they were able to correctly guess the number of gumballs in the jars. Southern states required African Americans to pay a tax to vote. Laws were enacted that said that people who had gone to prison were not allowed to vote. African Americans were very often arrested on charges for minor offenses to prevent them from voting. Charges were as petty as dropping a peanut shell on the ground or driving with a light out on their vehicle. The police usually knocked the light out after making the arrest. The Voting Rights Act was signed into law by President Lyndon Johnson on August 6, 1965. It was supposed to help with barriers to voting at the state and local levels for African Americans who could not exercise their right to vote as given in the 15th Amendment to the Constitution of the United States. There were not as many problems involved in trying to vote in national elections. News reports citing stories of voter suppression and disenfranchisement of African Americans during the general election that took place in November 2016 captured headlines for months. It was alleged that African Americans faced some of the same obstacles that they did before the Voting Rights Act of 1965 was enacted. African Americans are not represented as they should be when making decisions of who they want to represent them in government. The field is not level and it sometimes causes apathy when it is perceived that their voices will not be heard. Because African Americans are disproportionately likely to be in prison, they are particularly affected by the restriction of voting rights. According to Recoquillon, C. Sydenham, K., (2017): Felon disenfranchisement laws disproportionately affect ethnic minority communities on a national level. A higher rate of incarceration among the black and Latino populations leads directly to higher disenfranchisement rates. As a Human Services Professional, my starting point towards advocacy and social change would be to comprise a group of employers, community leaders and resources to formally address this problem of voter disenfranchisement and other barriers such as lack of job training and housing for felons when they re-enter society. These are all areas that are decided at the state level. Statewide statistics would have to be completed to show that felony disenfranchisement is severely increased by racial disparities in the criminal justice system. A finding would need to be made to show that these laws could be declared not permissible under certain articles of the Voting Rights Act of 1965. A meeting could then be held to lobby local and state congressional members representing certain districts to ask for changes within the state laws regarding fully reinstating rights of felons in the state to participate in these areas. Things are too reminiscent of the days when African Americans were charg ed with crimes just to keep them from voting and playing a role in society that could benefit their lives. Because of my being a part of this diverse group, African American, some may feel that my advocating for this social change may reflect an unjust preference for this historically oppressed group of people. Also many problems and challenges arise with governmental regulations and perceptions of what state representatives and other resource personnel feel should be addressed by human service personnel. They sometimes feel that getting into matters affecting laws and regulations are not within their scope of practice or knowledge. Due to the complex duties of human service professionals on a day to day basis, ethical standards are provided for guidance when dealing with many situations. The preamble of the Code of Ethics for social workers set guidance to be followed. It is very helpful for review when a supervisor is not available. References Recoquillon, C. Sydenham, K. Humanity In Action Inc. Democracys Punishment: Felon  Disenfranchisement. (2017). Retrieved from  http://www.humanityinaction.org/knowledgebase/181-democracy-s-punishment-felon-disenfranchisement

Augustus :: essays research papers

A copy below of the deeds of the divine Augustus, by which he subjected the whole wide earth to the rule of the Roman people, and of the money which he spent for the state and Roman people, inscribed on two bronze pillars, which are set up in Rome. 1. In my nineteenth year, on my own initiative and at my own expense, I raised an army with which I set free the state, which was oppressed by the domination of a faction. For that reason, the senate enrolled me in its order by laudatory resolutions, when Gaius Pansa and Aulus Hirtius were consuls (43 B.C.E.), assigning me the place of a consul in the giving of opinions, and gave me the imperium. With me as propraetor, it ordered me, together with the consuls, to take care lest any detriment befall the state. But the people made me consul in the same year, when the consuls each perished in battle, and they made me a triumvir for the settling of the state. 2. I drove the men who slaughtered my father into exile with a legal order, punishing their crime, and afterwards, when they waged war on the state, I conquered them in two battles. 3. I often waged war, civil and foreign, on the earth and sea, in the whole wide world, and as victor I spared all the citizens who sought pardon. As for foreign nations, those which I was able to safely forgive, I preferred to preserve than to destroy. About five hundred thousand Roman citizens were sworn to me. I led something more than three hundred thousand of them into colonies and I returned them to their cities, after their stipend had been earned, and I assigned all of them fields or gave them money for their military service. I captured six hundred ships in addition to those smaller than triremes. 4. Twice I triumphed with an ovation, and three times I enjoyeda curule triumph and twenty one times I was named emperor. When the senate decreed more triumphs for me, I sat out from all of them. I placed the laurel from the fasces in the Capitol, when the vows which I pronounced in each war had been fulfilled.

Dissecting Transference and Countertransference Essay

Transference and countertransference are feelings towards an individual which are brought about by past experiences and relationships.   These feelings occur unconsciously and can be positive or negative in nature. Transference is often carried by the patient into the clinician-patient relationship as brought about by their history with past figures of authority in their lives. (Pearson, 2001) For example, a patient may perceive the clinician to be similar to his or her mother and as such views them as a nurturing figure whom he or she then strives hard to please. Countertransference, in the medical setting, is brought by the clinician and is usually seen in his or her negative feelings towards the patient again as a result of previous experiences he or she had early on in life. (Pearson, 2001) The effects of those previous experiences are triggered by the clincian’s encounter with the patient. For example, a clinician might be more caring and compassionate towards a patient that reminds him or her of his or her grandparents thus invoking similar filial emotions for the patient. The concepts of transference and countertransference were first described by Sigmund Freud as emotions patients and doctors projected on each other, which had come from past experiences.   The two terms are used frequently in psychoanalytical literature and occur in many instances of psychoanalytic treatment. The role projection plays on both transference and countertransference was emphasized not only by Freud but also by many other members of the medical community. Projection takes place more often in clinician-patient relationships than in other settings. The definition of projection as a means of adaptation and communication, a form of defense mechanism by the individual, provides insight to its frequency in medical settings. (Waska, 1999) The patient faced with his or her illness and the clinician faced with the task of aiding the patient may revert to projection in order to cope with their different tasks. Therefore, transference and countertransference occur as an aftermath of the dynamics of the said projection as well as of the initial relationship between the patient and the clinician. (Waska, 1999) In physical therapy, patient therapist relationships are important factors in the rehabilitation process.   Therapists need to be effective communicators and develop rapports with patients that facilitate trust, compliance, and comfort.   A patient who projects unconsciously past experiences into their new and present reality can create a barrier in the relationship and hinder their progress. Transference and countertransference brought about by these projections are the most direct causes for the communication barriers – barriers that can lead to detrimental and even fatal results in the patient’s treatment. These work through mechanisms produced through positive feelings, such as a patient who sees the therapist as a nurturer figure and tries to please the therapist and therefore does not disclose functional deficits, which are not improving, and report only positive.   Negative feelings can also create a barrier in that the patient becomes hostile or resistive toward the therapist’s suggestions and plans. (Pearson, 2001) The maladaptive effects of transference and countertransference may be lessened by a conscious effort on the part of the clinician as well as of the patient. Both must strive to understand the dynamics of their relationship. The clinician must be able to provide insights into his or her true character and thus help the patient resolve distortions brought about by transference. The clinician must also actively acknowledge the underlying needs posed by the patient’s transference as well as actively respond to his or her own projection and countertransference. (Pearson, 2001; Waska, 1999) Studies continue to explore the possibilities of using the mechanisms of transference and countertransference to make medical relationships more effective in aiding treatment. References Pearson, L. (2001). The clinician-patient experience: understanding transference and countertransference. Nurse Practitioner, Retrieved 06 February 2008 from http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qa3958/is_200106/ai_n8996743 Waska, R. T. (1999). Projective identification, countertransference, and the struggle for understanding over acting out. Journal of Psychotherapy Practice and Research, 8, 155-161

Coming of Age in Mississippi essays

Coming of Age in Mississippi essays Anne Moody plays a strong role in the civil rights movement. As a child she faced many challenges growing up as a poor black girl. Yet, despite these circumstances all those setbacks inspired her to move on. Moody was determined to make a change in the community and she would stop at nothing. When growing up Anne encountered many problems. Her uncle George Lee used to beat her when he would baby-sit her and her little sister Adline. Their house caught on fire once because her uncle was trying to burn her. In addition, her parents separated because her father began to gamble and come home when he pleased. Her child hood was extremely difficult; she was the oldest of nine children. Still Anne Moody chooses to succeed. She was Valedictorian of her class and received scholarships to go to college. The first time Moody was really insulted by segregation, was when she heard about the murder of Emmet Till. Emmet Till was a young boy from Greenwood, who was killed for whistling at a white girl. This incident really affected Moody. She was scared, hurt, angered and confused. The death of Emmet Till was Annes inspiration to fight for the rights of blacks. Moody said that she knew the fear of hunger and poverty, but this was the first time that she faced the fear of being black. The death of Emmet inspired Anne to ask questions and to get more knowledge on the black movement. Her teacher Mrs. Rice informed Moody about the NAACP and told her many stories. Moody was shocked to hear about all the horrible acts that were being done to blacks. Mrs. Rice also told Anne that she must keep that information to herself because it could get them into trouble. Basically, it was understood that the Negroes in Centreville were not allowed to discuss these types of things. Moody was really affected by Emmets death, but all the other incidents gave her the strength to seek change. For example, the burning of The Tapla...

Era of good feelings DBQ essays

Era of good feelings DBQ essays The  ¡Ã‚ °Era of Good Feelings ¡ was the period in U.S. history when people were stimulated by two events of 1816, during the presidency of James Madison: the enactment of the first U.S. protective tariff and the establishment of the second National Bank. With the decline of the Federalists the United States was a one-party state on the national level; heading the Democratic-Republicans. Under the surface, however, vast sectional issues were shaping themselves, and personal rivalries also were gathering strength to break loose in the campaign of 1824. Nationalism was a very important quality of this era in time. To Americans, the War of 1812 was viewed as a second war of independence. They were proud that their united nation had stood up to the British. The feeling of patriotism stayed steady into the 1820 ¡Ã‚ ¯s. Document C shows how Americans were still celebrating how united their nation was, even though it was four years after the end of the war. Another thing that helped unify the U.S. was the Tariff Act of 1816. As the first complete protective tariff, it was principally intended to promote the production of textiles, hats, leather, paper, and cabinetwork. Even people like John Calhoun, who would normally be against any type of tariff, supported this. He wanted to bind the country together by building roads and canals, rather than making things worse by causing  ¡Ã‚ °disunity ¡ (Doc. B). This was all part of Henry Clay ¡Ã‚ ¯s  ¡American System ¡Ã‚ ¯, which included support for a high tariff to protect, maintenance of high public land prices, preservation of the Bank of the United States, and development of a system of internal improvements (such as roads and canals) which would knit the nation together and be financed by the tariff and land sales revenues. In 1816, the Second Bank of the United States was created to satisfy the need for a central fiscal agent. Of course, critics again decried the Bank ¡Ã‚ ¯...

Songs of andrew lloyd webber Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Songs of andrew lloyd webber - Essay Example 2. Musicals are quite diverse thematically but all of them tell a story. No matter who are the main characters of these stories, they are about human relationships. Such themes as love, friendship, beauty, care or hatred often appear in his musicals. Even if to take Jesus Christ Superstar, The Phantom of the Opera, and Evita to compare, each of these musicals tells a story about human relationships and such themes are very engaging for spectators who find it easier to understand why their favorite character do what they do. 3. Originally, musicals are expected to be perceived as a whole, but they become so popular that people enjoy the songs apart from their original context. Songs by Andrew Lloyd Webber function successfully outside the shows; if one tries to find 10 essential pieces by Andrew Webber most of them will be taken out of different musicals. It happens because most people do not want to understand the lyrics; they simply enjoy the melody and want to listen. 4. The Songs of Andrew Lloyd Webber as staged at the Ellen Eccles theater is a critical piece to discuss because it compiles the most successful hits by Webber in one show. At the same time, it ruins the full story of each hit and it might ruin the charm and the atmosphere of musical experience. People love songs from musicals by Webber so much that almost all of them who can sing believe that they must record at least of of their favorites and upload it on YouTube. However, one needs to remember that video does not render the same amount of emotions and energy compared to live performances. 5. My favorite song by Andrew Lloyd Webber is Phantom of the Opera. I love this song because I grew up with it. It has been popular since I remember myself and I could not resist its strong melody and emotional passages. This is a good example of how one man can change the world by doing good.

Economics (twin deficit) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Economics (twin deficit) - Essay Example The deficit has been covered through the borrowing from various agencies both foreign and domestic. The persistent current account deficit for last 20 years has given unprecedented amount of claims to foreign investors. It is always possible that at some time in future and specially if no corrective measures are urgently taken up, the situation may very well become challenging. The foreign claims are generally in the form of stock bonds, treasury issues, bank accounts and other types of financial securities. Foreign governments, their central banks and international agencies possess a sizable share of the claim. One way of looking at the present scenario is that America is becoming increasingly dependent on the imports while its export market is not showing substantial growth. Steady depreciation of the dollar in the international market is the indicator that decides the inflow of foreign investment in the country. When the dollar depreciates, there is more inflow of foreign goods and services. IMF in recent time has also cautioned US to take appropriate steps to curb its rising current account deficit. The report says that ‘the concern remains that at some time more adjustment will be needed to ensure that the global pattern of current account position remains consistent with the willingness of the international wealth holders to build up net claims on the United States’. The global economy has been advancing at a very fast rate and in the present circumstances when the global inter-dependence has become a norm, United States needs to moderate its consumption and spending and focus on issues that would help restrain the increasing growth of current account deficit. One must conclude that today statistics show that US needs to import $1 trillion of foreign capital every year. In the long run, it is highly unsustainable situation both in terms of

An Efficient Manner in the Organization Case Study

An Efficient Manner in the Organization - Case Study Example From this discussion it is clear that  financial data in a company is of much consequence. In order to ensure accurate financial data collection and its correct use, the company must make sure that the IT function and Finance team collaborate and use the expertise of one another for better data and analysis. Both teams must be on the same page.  This study declares that another important aspect is to make it simple and understandable to the extent that all stakeholders of a particular kind of data know what to do with it; however, it should not be broken down so much that it loses the essence of its purpose. For this reason, metrics are very important. It is extremely important to note what is measured. Off the mark measures will waste time and money, force people into performing on wrong parameters, all rendering the collected data unusable. To give meaning to any meaningless collection of data and convert it into useful and interpretable information, it is imperative that key t ools and techniques are in place which a) collect the right kind and data and b) make the conversion into useful information easy.  The very first step in this process is to assess whether the data collected is important in the first place. Was the purpose of collecting data to answer an important business question such as sales figures, costing information, employee satisfaction, etc.?  To have efficiency in the overall system, it is important that the data collected is for a reason.

Lit Review on Sociopath Essay Example for Free

Lit Review on Sociopath Essay Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) is characterized by a lack of regard for the moral or legal standards in the local culture. There is a marked inability to get along with others or abide by societal rules (APA, 2000). This pattern of behavior is seen in children or young adolescents and persists into adulthood. It is also often known as sociopath, psychopath or dyssocial personality disorder. People who are diagnosed with ASPD have no conscience, move through society as predators and pay little attention to the consequences of their action. They cannot understand feelings of guilt or remorse. Their lack of empathy is often because of their strong sense of self-worth and a superficial charm that tends to mask an inner indifference to the need or feelings of the other. They are also really good at manipulating situations. However, sociopaths with lower education are still really good liars but tend to be more violent and aren’t as good at manipulation. (NICE, 2010) Psychopath is actually different from sociopath. According to Professor Alan Basham from EWU’s Psychology Department, psychopath is more like an advance version of sociopath. They don’t have capacity to feel attachment, empathy or shame. They simply don’t care about the others. They are even capable of killing their friends or families. Sociopaths are not necessary killers. They manipulate to gain their own benefit but still can feel emotional attachment to other individuals. The sociopath will still lack empathy and attachment for society and won’t feel guilt harming a stranger or breaking the law in any form, but won’t lack empathy for those to whom he feels attached. Both genetic and environmental factors influence the development of ASPD. Adopted children have an increased risk of developing ASP D. Children born to parents diagnosed with ASPD but adopted into other families resemble their biological more than their adoptive parents. However, the environment of the adoptive home may also lower the childs risk of developing ASPD. Also, both male and female can be sociopath or psychopath. (NICE, 2010) â€Å"Attachment is the process through which people develop specific, positive emotional bonds with others. John Bowlby proposed the notion of the attachment behavior system as an organized pattern of infant signal and adult responses that lead to a protective, trusting relationship during the very earliest stage of development.† (Newman Newman, 2006) Through the attachment theory, we know that children learn how to love, trust and care about each other by learning this from their parents in early childhood. As a child grown up in an abusive environment, they usually lack of parents caring and led to failure to attach. â€Å"Factors and events have been linked to developmental psychopathology and its antisocial consequences or sequelae. These include abuse and neglect, exposure to interpersonal/interparental violence, intergenerational substance abuse, maladaptive attachments in early life, maltreatment such as abandonment, and neurodevelopment.† (Armstrong Kelley, 2008) The experience of rejection or loss of love during early childhood appears to create a root cause for underlying emotional pain and poor individuation that are subsequently played out in abusive behaviors. Everyone is their enemies, they have to protect themselves and that is how they become anti-social. â€Å"Multiple interacting forces contribute to childhood maltreatment and trauma, leading to the development of psychopathology. How early interpersonal relationships are formed may be a contributory mechanism in coping strategies later in life. These factors in turn may contribute to a lack of basic trust, detachment from relationships, and affective experiences causing maladaptive behaviors later in life.† (Armstrong Kelley, 2008) â€Å"The therapists primary task is to establish a relationship with the patient, who has usually had very few healthy relationships in his or her life and is unable to trust others. The patient should be given the opportunity to establish positive relationships with as many people as possible and be encouraged to join self-help groups or prosocial reform organizations.† (NICE, 2010) However, Antisocial Personality Disorder is highly unresponsive to any form of treatment, usually because persons with ASPD rarely seek treatment voluntarily. They do not think there is anything wrong with them, it is always the others. If they do seek help, it is usually in an attempt to find relief from depression or other forms of emotional distress. â€Å"Given that those with antisocial personality disorder actively resist having to accept help, and that coercion into treatment directly challenges their core personality structure, it is clear that therapeutic interventions are also likely to be under threat in such circumstances. Hence, one might expect a high drop-out rate from treatment and indeed that is what has been found.†(Huband, 2007) Also, many people who are diagnose with ASPD use therapy sessions to learn how to turn the system to their advantage. Their pervasive pattern of manipulation and deceit extends to all aspects of their life, including therapy. Generally, their behavior must be controlled in a setting where they know they have no chance of getting around the rules. Medication could only treat some of the symptoms of ASPD. The only solution would be prevention. â€Å"Antisocial Personality Disorder usually follows a chronic and unremitting course from childhood or early adolescence into adult life. The impulsiveness of the disorder often leads to in prison or an early death through accident, homicide or suicide. There is some evidence that the worst behaviors that define Antisocial Personality Disorder diminish by midlife; the more overtly aggressive symptoms of the disorder occur less frequently in older patients. This improvement is especially true of criminal behavior but may apply to other antisocial acts as well. (NICE, 2010) Therefore, to prevent antisocial personality disorder must begin in early childhood, before the children are at risk for developing conduct disorder. Education for parenthood to lower the incidence of child abuse is necessary. â€Å"The only long-term solution, I believe, is Westmans proposal that we require prospective parents to meet the same minimum requirements that we now expect of couples hoping to adopt a baby: a mature man and woman, sufficiently committed to parenthood to be married to each other, who are self-supporting and neither criminal nor actively psychotic.† (Lykken 1996) References 1. APA, DSM-IV-TR, 2000. Print 2. National Institute for Health Clinical Excellence, The British Psychological Society The Royal College of Psychiatrists, Antisocial Personality Disorder: Treatment, Management Prevention, 2010. Print. 3. Huband, N., McMurran, M., Evans, C., et al. Social problem solving plus psychoeducation for adults with personality disorder: pragmatic randomized controlled trial, The British Journal of Psychiatry, 190, 307-313, 2007. Print. 4. Professor Alan Basham, Eastern Washington University’s Psychology Department (Interview) 5. Newman, Barbara M. Newman, Philip R., Development Through Life: A Psychosocial Approach. Ninth Edition, 2006. 6. Armstrong, Greg J., LMHC, CAP, CCJAS, Kelley, Susan D. M., PhD, Early Trauma and Subsequent Antisocial Behavior in Adults, 2008. Print. 7. Lykken, David T., Psychopathy, Sociopathy, and Crime, 1996. Print.

Corporate Governance Mechanisms Essay -- Business Administration

INTRODUCTION The relationship between the owners of a company and those who run the company is classified as an agent/principal relationship. In most cases this kind of relationship gives rise to a potential problem called the agency problem. This agency problem usually will occur where there is a conflict of interest between the desires of the principal and that of the agent. This is not a rare occurrence. It has been predominantly found to occur in companies where the directors are the agent and the shareholders who are the owners of the company is the principal. It is not unusual for managers to sometimes want to pursue their own interests at the expense of the company to whom they have a duty to act in its best interest. Certain decision-taking may not be in the interest of the company for example, excessive risk taking without foresight of the long term consequences. Most times the action and inactions of management may have dire consequences on the company which may in the long run stigmatize a company as an underperforming one. Consequently, managers who pursue their own interests rather than that of the company may underperform its duties. The following corporate governance mechanisms can play a major role in preventing managers from engaging in activities that lower firm value thereby incentivizing management to perform excellently. This essay will briefly consider three of those mechanisms that gear management towards excellent performances. Board Composition: This is a principal mechanism through which the shareholders can check managerial performance. If a management team is not performing well, the shareholders could direct the board of directors to fire the incumbent team and replace them with better perfor... ...eves that it â€Å"has changed the attitudes and practices of U.S managers†, stating that â€Å"it represents the most effective check on management autonomy ever devised. And it is breathing new life into the public corporations†. Works Cited Scharfstein David, ‘the Disciplinary role of Takeovers’ [1988] 55 the review of economic studies 185 accessed 27 November 2009 p 185. Julian Franks, Collin Mayer, ‘Hostile takeovers and the correction of managerial failure’ [1996] 40 Journal of Financial Economics 163 accessed 27 November 2009 p163. Ibid

Amazon.com †a case study Essay

Amazon’s Mission â€Å"Our vision is to be earth’s most customer centric company; to build a place where people can come to find and discover anything they might want to buy online.† Amazon.com’s quest to become earth’s most customer centric company is largely driven by its use of technology. In fact, its continuous innovations are all driven by huge investments in information systems (Laudon and Laudon 2005). Information systems not only support their mission, but in fact drive their business strategy. In this paper , Amazon’s use of information at each stage of Porter’s value chain will be considered. Their innovative and forward looking use of information systems to generate competitive advantage will be analysed in the context of Porter’s five forces and we will also have a look at how they have formed Amazon have formed strategic alliances to overcome certain competitive forces. Future plans to sustain competitive edge will be examined; Amazon not only continue to use technology to improve their customer centric operations, but are now in fact opening up this technology and providing technical and logistics solutions to other firms. The Value Chain The concept of ‘Value Chain Anaylsis’ is described at length by Michael Porter (1985). He notes that every firm is a collection of activities that  are performed to design, produce, market, deliver and support its products or services. He identifies specific, critical-leverage points where a firm can use information technology most effectively to enhance it’s competitive position (Laudon and Laudon , 2005). In his value chain model, ‘Primary Activities’ such as inbound logistics, operations, outbound logistics, sales and marketing and service, are seen as basic activities that add a margin of value to a firm’s products and service. Since Amazon’s inception in 1995, they have used information technology to manage each stage of the value chain. Inbound logistics – including receiving, storing, inventory control – are managed by sophisticated technology such Transportation Optimization and Management Systems (TOMS). They, us e a set of applications for accepting and validating customer orders, placing and tracking orders with suppliers and managing and assigning inventory to customer orders. In fact in 2007, Amazon’s systems have become so efficient in managing inventory that they generally collect from customers before their payments to suppliers come due (SEC1 2007). Amazon’s marketing strategy is designed to increase customer traffic to their websites, drive awareness of products and services, promote repeat purchases, develop incremental product and service revenue opportunities, and strengthen and broaden the Amazon.com brand name. (Amazon Annual Report 2007). Technology, again, is the conduit for their marketing strategy. Amazon were the first to deliver personalized Web pages and services. For instance, their technology keeps track of user preferences for books and CD purchases etc, and can recommend titles purchased by other customers. Their advertising consists primarily of online advertising, including through their Associates program –Amazon.com’s affiliate marketing program, where web developers, by linking to Amazon products and services to their sites, can receive up to 10% in referral fees, – sponsored search, portal advertising, e-mail campaigns, and other initiatives. Customer service is another key area where technology adds value to Amazon’s offer. From the outset, in line with their customer-centred mission, Amazon  tried to provide superior customer service through email and telephone customer support, online tracking and shipping information, and the ability to pay for purchases with a single click of the mouse using credit card and personal information provided during a previous purchase. This was called â€Å"1-click† express shopping, and was considered so attractive that Barnes and Noble, Amazon’s direct competitor in the online book retailing markets attempted to ape it with its â€Å"Express Lane† system (McAfee 2005). Amazon later obtained an injunction on Barnes and Noble and sparked a huge debate around the question of which software, and even business processes can or cannot, be patented. (http://www.oreilly.com/news/patent_archive.html) The Extended Value Chain in e-Business In their book, Strategic Planning for Information Systems, Ward, J and Peppard, J (2002), discuss how the value chain information flow is now being challenged by e-Business They refer to Rayport, J.F and Sviokla (1995), who have identified two crucial new areas in this information flow, namely ‘promotional’ information flow and ‘intelligence gathering’ information flow. These two areas seems to be paramount in Amazon’s value chain management.. According to Ward and Peppard, the implications of the promotional flow of information which informs customers further down the chain of the products and services available have to be understood. David Chaffey (2007) speaks of Amazon’s automated email measurement and optimization system. As users of Amazon will know, once we’ve bought something on Amazon, we are regularly sent emails with information on books or product recommendations. In order for this promotional system not to descend into what one might call Spam, and for it to remain relevant and customer centred, Amazon have put IS systems into place to control this activity. A new system: automatically optimizes content to improve customer experience; avoids sending an e-mail campaign that has low clickthrough or high unsubscribe rate; includes inbox management (avoid sending multiple emails/week); has growing library of automated email programs covering new  releases and recommendations. In this way, Amazon add value to the promotional flow of information through their value chain, and intelligently use and disseminate the information provided to them by their technology. Ward and Peppard conclude that E-business offers huge potential to gather information and intelligence about consumer and customer preference and attitudes online, rather than through traditional market research. When customers shop on Amazon, their choices are stored in the information systems which can then use this intelligence to forecast future demands. Industry Value Chain – Supply Chain Management The Value Chain of the business unit is only one part of a larger set of value-adding activities in an industry – the â€Å"Industry Value Chain† (Ward & Peppard 2003). A firm’s value chain is linked to the value chains of its suppliers, distributors and customers, and each of these players can add, or indeed take away from advantage which has been earned along the way. (Laudon & Laudon 2006). Amazon has one of the most-sophisticated supply chain systems in the world. Proprietary applications handle nearly every aspect of its supply chain: warehouse management, transportation management, inbound and outbound shipping, demand forecasts, inventory planning, and more. (Information Week) Amazon’s supply chain is so tightly integrated that when an online customer buys a book, for example, the order-management system communicates with inventory- and warehouse-management systems to find the optimal distribution centre or centres for fulfilling the order. The customer knows in less than a minute how long it will take to ship the items and whether they will come in one package or separately. Effective supply chain management, has been identified in a survey by The Economist, as being an essential contribution to gaining competitive advantage. It says that all market leaders have supply chains that are more responsive to customer demand. And effectively managing the informati on flow throughout the supply chain is key to gaining competitive advantage. Porter’s Five Forces As we have seen, competitive advantage can be gained through effective use of information systems at each stage of the internal and the external value chain. The other value creation dimension, as defined by Porter is the â€Å"Market/Industry Attractiveness†. He has identified five forces affecting the latter, namely, the bargaining power of suppliers, the bargaining power of customers, the threat of new entrants, the threat of substitute products and competitive rivalry within an industry. E-commerce and the internet provide customers with the ability to search the whole chain for information directly or via intermediaries (Ward and Peppard 2003). The internet provides consumers with near perfect product and price visibility. Customers are free to use any internet portal they choose to search for goods, and can use price comparison portals such as www.kelkoo.com to compare prices between suppliers. Changing suppliers will cost the buyer nothing – switching costs are l ow – and alternative suppliers are plentiful. Consequently, Amazon are forced to keep their prices down and accept lower margins. In the context of Porter’s five forces, the facility for customers in changing suppliers can be classified as high customer bargaining power. Mr Jeff Bezos, the founder of Amazon, saw this threat coming and prepared for it – in 2000 he invited other retailers to sell their goods on his website (The Economist). No traditional seller had ever done this before – to allow others to sell second-hand books on their own door step, was indeed a revolutionary move by Mr Bezos, and many people, even some within the company, thought this would cannibalise Amazon’s own sales. Yet it eventually helped to lift overall sales. Amazon says sales of third-party items, from which it takes a commission, have increased from 6% of all items sold in 2000 to 28% in 2005. Over that time, the company says its own retail revenues were up three-fold (BusinessWeek). Bezos claims that by keeping custome rs on the Amazon site buying other retailers products, Amazon’s direct revenues also increased. This is because with the help of some sophisticated technology driven marketing techniques, customers having already chosen something from Amazon’s partners, are at the same time tempted by Amazon’s own offerings. Today, hundreds of thousands of retail brands and individual sellers reach new customers by leveraging the power of the Amazon.com e-commerce platform. In 2006 Amazon went further with this concept and launched their â€Å"Fulfilment† program, which allows businesses to  use Amazon’s own order fulfilment and post-order customer service infrastructure, and enables Amazon.com customers to receive the benefit of Amazon.com shipping offers when buying from third-party sellers. In this way Amazon, seem to be effectively combating a number of competitive forces, including the threat of substitute products and the threat of new entrants to the market. Due to the low cost for new-entrants to e-Commerce – it requires relatively little capital investment to set up an e-Business- the threat of competing websites is omni-present for Amazon. Amazon’s challengers come from two directions. First, other online retailers are growing rapidly. As people become more accustomed to shopping on the internet, they are ordering a greater variety of goods and services from a wider range of websites. From auctioning people’s second-hand goods, eBay now also hosts fixed-priced virtual shops offering new goods for sale. (The Economist). Google, for one, has replaced retail sites such as Amazon as the place where many people start their shopping. And more personalized and social upstarts such as News Corp.’s, MySpace and YouTube, which Google has bought, have become the prime places for many people to gather online – and eventually shop. Microsoft’s taking of a 5% stake in Facebook, the online networking website, last Friday, which now values the two year old networking website at a whopping 15b$ -, could also be perceived as a potential threat to Amazon. People may choose to start their shopping from their social networking sites, rather than from the mor e traditional retail or portal site. Says consultant Andreas Weigend, Amazon’s chief scientist until 2004: â€Å"The world has shifted from e-business to me-business.† (Businessweek and The Economist). Secondly, traditional retailers are rapidly moving part of their trading online. This pits Amazon against giant retailers with huge purchasing power, like America’s Wal-Mart and Britain’s Tesco. These â€Å"multichannel† retailers make a virtue of their ability to offer both â€Å"bricks and clicks†. Many provide online customers with the option of picking up goods from the shop down the road. This is proving popular with web buyers who want things immediately or are keen to avoid shipping costs and staying in to accept a delivery. Amazon may be attempting to fight off this threat with their AmazonPrime program, which allows customers unlimited shipping for $79 per year. As we have seen, the relatively low costs of setting up business on the Internet, means that the  threat of substitute product/ services and the threat of new entrants also become more apparent. Internet technology is based on universal standards that any company can use, making it easy for rivals to compete on price alone and for new competitors to enter the market (Laudon and Laudon 2006). Clarke (2001) says that consequently, if we are competing in an industry where all our competitors have access to the same technology, it follows that competitive advantage comes from the use of information, as opposed to technology, and sustainability of advantage lies in an organisation always being better at this than its competition. Amazon would appear to be doing a fairly good job in keeping up – for instance with the technology enables personalization of the customer – but as Jeff Bezos reiterated in the reprinting of his 1997 letter to shareholders for the Amazon 2006 Annu al Report, â€Å"It’s all about the long-term†. Sustainability of Competitive Advantage – The Future for Amazon In the long-term, Amazon are aiming to re-invent themselves. An article in the Economist claims the e-commerce giant wants to be more than just a retailer. Having established the internet as somewhere to buy things, Amazon is again spending heavily on development in anticipation of consumers wanting to download music, video and books instead of having them delivered in the post. In September, the company introduced the Amazon MP3 digital music store to sell tracks without the anti-piracy technology known as digital rights management, or DMR. The music companies EMI and Universal are participating in Amazon’s store, making the service a significant competitor to Apple’s iTunes service. Unless the Amazon, the pioneer of online retailing can provide downloadable media it risks being â€Å"disintermediated†2 —just as only a decade ago high-street bookshops, music and video stores were disintermediated by Amazon itself. Amazon, in fact have a history of strateg ic alliances with various firms – Borders and SmugMug, to mention just a few. A strategic alliance is a partnership of two of more corporations or business units to achieve strategically significant objectives that are mutually beneficial, Wheelan and Hunger (2005). These alliances have allowed Amazon to use their established technological lead in the e-Commerce platform to generate revenues as well as their other strategic objectives. Amazon Web Services (AWS) is another example of a  strategic move to maintain advantage. With AWS, Amazon say they are building a new business focused on a new customer set †¦ software developers. They currently offer ten different web services and have built a community of over 240,000 registered developers. In order to cope with the Christmas rush, Amazon has far more computing capacity than it needs for most of the year. As much as 90% of it is idle at times. Renting out pieces of that network to other businesses, such as SmugMug, an online photo site that uses the S33 service, is a way to get extra return on Amazonâ⠂¬â„¢s $2 billion investment in technology (The Economist). Conclusion In this paper, a number of ways in which Amazon add value to their internal and external value chain have been identified. We have looked at how they optimize their utilisation of information in forging closer relations with their customers; operate a lean supply-chain management strategy and fight off numerous threats posed by competing in the e-Business environment with strategies such as offering new services to smaller retailers, digital downloads, and opening up their technologies to developers. However in a fast moving global economy, no future is certain. Amazon are conscious of the threats posed by failed alliances (Border’s will pull out of their agreement to use Amazon’s e-commerce platform in 2008, www.bloomberg.com) and the constant threat posed by Google, even Facebook and other technology driven Web2.0 companies. Jeff Bezos will be hoping to overcome these threats by, as he says, by â€Å"opening up the guts of his organisation† to developers (Busin essWeek). Information systems are at the core of Amazon’s business, and going forward, as Jeff Bezos said in his 2007 SEC filing, their biggest challenge â€Å"will be to continue to build and deploy innovative and efficient software that will best take advantage of continued advances in technology†. Amazon have made massive investments in technology – $186 million in the last quarter alone – (The Economist), and with 2007 3rd quarter sales up 41% and a quadrupling of profit, it looks like these technology investments may finally be paying off! References â€Å"Amazon.com – Click to download†, The Economist, Aug 17th 2006 Amzn Investor Relations http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?p=irol-irhome&c=97664 Accessed 28th October 2007 â€Å"Borders to Introduce New Internet Site in Early 2008 (Update3)† www.bloomberg.com Accessed on 28th October 2007 Clarke, Stephen (2001) Information Systems Strategic Management –an integrated approach, Routledge, London David Chaffey: â€Å"Amazon Case Study 9.1 Learning From Amazon’s Culture of Metrics† www.davidchaffey.com Accessed on 13th October 2007. â€Å"Friend Accepted†, The Economist, Friday 26th October 2007 â€Å"From scratch: Amazon keeps supply chain close to home†, Beth Bacheldor, InformationWeek, March 5, 2004 â€Å"Jeff Bezos’ Risky Bet† Business Week, Cover story, November 13, 2006 www.businessweek.com â€Å"Jeff Bezos’ Risky Bet† www.businessweek.com November 13, 2006. Accessed 27th October 2007 â€Å"Lifting the bonnet† The Economist Oct 5th 2006 Porter, Michael E. (1985) Competitive advantage: creating and sustaining superior performance pg 33 The Free Press Laudon, J and Laudon K (2006), Management Information Systems: Managing the Digital Firm (10th Edition) Prentice Hall R. Preston McAfee (2005) Competitive Solutions: The Strategist’s Toolkit, Princeton University Press Rayport, J.F and Sviokla (1995) ‘Exploiting the virtual value chain’, Harvard Business Review, November – December, 1995 SEC (2007) United States Securities And Exchange Commission submission Form 10-K from Amazon. For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2007 Ward, J and Peppard, J (2002) Strategic Planning for Information Systems, 3rd Edition John Wiley & Sons, Bedfordshire. Wheelen, T and Hunger J, (2004) Strategic Management and Business Policy, 9th Edition, Pearson/Prentice Hall, New Jersey.

Assessment for planning and sustainability Essay

?Tourism is an integrated system where all the elements are linked taking into account the relationships between tourism and economic, social, cultural and physical environment. In order to develop Strathnagar village as a sustainable tourist and habitable destination, a harmony is required between the needs of a visitor, the destination and the community. Tourism creates an incentive for environmental conservation, preservation of sensitive areas. There are many examples from Scotland where tourism has promoted restoration and preservation of historic sites also tourism encouraged conservation of natural resources. Loch Lomond and The Trossachs National Park created in 2002 and Cairngorm National Park created in 2003 were designed under the national Parks (Scotland) Act 2000. The main aim was to conserve, enhance and promote the natural beauty and cultural heritage for current and future generations. Transport has been heavily blamed in the last few years because of fuel emissions. For this reason cycling has been promoted across the UK as environmentally friendly transport type by a charity called Sustarns. Since then over 10. 000 miles of cycle paths have been created to decrease the harm of environment. In Strathnagar village along the bird sanctuary is a site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) managed by Scottish Natural Heritage. It is likely that this organization will continue and extend conservation and preservation works in the future if there are sustainable developments involved in the village. However, there are a number of negative impacts on environment as a consequence of tourism growth and activities taken by tourists. This includes erosions, pollution and wild life disturbance. To minimize the harmful impacts in the area certain procedures should be taken in Srathnagar village. Business owners should become members of Visit Scotland’s Green Tourism Assurance Scheme. It aims to help businesses working in the hospitality sector achieve efficiency and marketing benefits by managing their environmental responsibilities. Tourists are coming to Scotland and natives are travelling around the country, because of a desire to see the natural scenery and wildlife Scotland has to offer. However, irresponsible tourism and properly unmanaged sites lead to the destruction of biodiversity. Tourist activities impact directly and indirectly on ecosystems. Indirect pressure on plants and animals may result from increased levels of emissions of various trace-gases through leisure-related transport. Direct impact on the ecosystems would have if natural environments are put under strain when the â€Å"Carrying Capacity† of the area or resource is exceeded. Also Through destruction of ecosystems and habitats, draining of wetlands, unsustainable use of land, trampling, tent camps, etc. tourist contribute directly to the disturbance of ecosystems. 85% of European coasts are at high or moderate risk from development related pressures as 2/3 of Europe’s tourism is based on coastlines. Coral reefs are the most vulnerable in the ecosystem, easily can be damaged from snorkelers and scuba divers. In Trinidad and Tobago island massive developments have damaged beaches and destroyed the habitat of turtles where they lay their eggs. While in Jamaica unsustainable constructions has caused severe beach erosion due to the obliteration of sand dunes and also cause wetland destruction. The tourism sector as a whole, along with tourists should be encouraged to minimize any negative impacts and maximize positive impacts on biodiversity and local cultures associated with their consumption choices and behavior, for example through voluntary initiatives, information events, controlling the number of visitor and implementing codes of conduct. Generally, every country wants to attract tourists and generate as much income from tourism as possible. Tourism has been seen as a positive factor, it provides jobs and people have personal empowerment. In Strathnagar village tourism would allow to preserve and revive the cultures, traditions and crafts. Good example is â€Å"Rumsiskes† the open- air museum in Lithuania. It displays the heritage of Lithuanian rural life in authentic resurrected buildings where people lived and worked. The traditions, crafts and dances where revived that was almost forgotten. The money from Tourism and tourist demand helped to restore and keep it for the future generations. However, according to Doxey’s irritation index (1975) a four stage model of the slow decline in host visitor relations exists: Euphoria (delight in contact) Apathy (increasing indifference with larger numbers) Irritation (concern and annoyance) Antagonism (convert and overt aggression to visitors) The most recognized negative cultural impacts are cultural degradation and trivialization, also when cultural events are turned into staged events that have direct adverse effects on traditional ways of life on the distinctiveness of local cultures. The places like Spanish Resorts and Caribbean Islands have become identikit resorts that have nothing in common with traditional culture. Locals are basically annoyed by tourists as they lost the privacy and tranquility. People understand the benefits that tourism gives, but on the same time feel as they are losing the traditions and authentic culture. Benidorm reached critical stage- full physical â€Å"carrying capacity† is exceeded during the high season; there is no accommodation and certain services available. Aboriginal or indigenous communities such as Australia, Masi Mara are transformed (in order to earn some money) and requested to display significant cultural events for tour companies no matter the time and adequacy. Strathnagar is going to start at Euphoria stage; community is excited about the new life. However, to avoid quick decline in host visitor relations community should control the number of visitors, modify their behavior by extending the season, spreading the busy seasons and adapting the resources. Separate, reasonable size car parking should be provided in order to avoid visitors parking at local’s windows. Most common negative impacts on socio- culture are tradition degradation, trivialization and when cultural events are turned into staged events. According to VisitScotland Statistics, Tourism in Scotland is worth approx ? 4bn, employs 9% of the workforce and pays more wages than oil, gas and whisky industries combined. Moreover it gives a chance for communities in rural areas such as Strathnagar village to have jobs and not to consider moving from the place they have been living happily for since birth. However, Tourism not only creates jobs in the sector, it also encourages growth in the primary and secondary sectors of industry. This is known as the multiplier effect which is how many times money spent by a tourist circulates through a country’s economy. The money spent by a tourist in Strathnagar village for example in a hotel would help to create jobs directly in the hotel, also would create jobs indirectly elsewhere in the economy. If hotel buys food from local farmer, that farmer can spend some of this money on clothes. The demand for local products increases as tourists often buy souvenirs, which increases secondary employment. The multiplier effect continues until the money eventually ‘leaks’ from the economy through imports – the purchase of goods from other countries, tourists not spending money at the destination, tour operators sending tourists on all- inclusive package and leaving the great deal of profit at tourists generating country not receiving. In Thailand estimated that 70% of all money spent by tourists ended up leaving Thailand (via foreign-owned tour operators, airlines, hotels, imported drinks and food, etc. ). The positive fact is that the employment level will rise in Strathnagar village and the tourists will use the services and spend money. Direct jobs will be available for tour guides, housekeeping, catering staff, and gardeners. Indirect jobs for joiners, builders and induced- improvements in health and transport services. However there will arise and negative aspects such as low wages, no highly skilled jobs, no chance to keep younger generation. Also village could be highly affected by seasonality; it is hard to attract tourists during the winter. Community might not get any support from council as it is a small and badly impacted by seasonality. There is a chance to extend the season or to attract visitors by launching traditional food, arts and crafts festivals and corporate events in Crafts and Arts Centre which might be a good way to minimize the seasonality. Dumfries and Galloway is a very popular tourist destination during the summer, but not so much in low seasons. The Art festival called Spring Fling was launched to attract visitors and it is on every April. However, in order to protect the natural and built environments that tourism is dependent on, certain measures should be in place. Visitor Management is an approach that which aims to protect environment (social, environmental) while providing for visitor enjoyment. Visitor Management can be at the Micro level (national, regional, or area) or at the Macro level (settlement, site or attraction). There are many organizations across the globe that is considered as the main tools for sustainability and managing tourism. Historical Scotland helps towards conservation and preservation of cultural and historic buildings, landscapes and sites. Visit Scotland provides signage, code of conducts to minimize negative impacts, national designed National Tourist routes, theme trails for tourists to navigate easily, increase the geographical spread and avoid unnecessary wandering. Also provides marketing, promotion to the area and encourage visitor behaviour through education and interpretation methods. Tourism Management Programmes (TMPs) are designed to benefit visitor, place and host by adopting a multifaceted planning approach. National Parks aims to conserve and enhance the natural beauty, wildlife and cultural heritage and promote opportunities for the understanding and enjoyment of the special qualities of National Parks by public. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) that aims to create the conditions for dialogue among civilizations, cultures and peoples, based upon respect for commonly shared values. It contributes to sustainable development and intercultural dialogue through education, communication, culture and information. There are three main visitor management techniques used to overcome or minimize negative impacts from tourism developments: Control Volume of visitors: limit numbers, encourage alternative visiting times, extend tourist season Modify Behaviour of visitors: codes of conduct, interpretation, education Adapt resources: harden footpaths, construct purpose built facilities (walk- ways hides etc) The visitor management techniques can be divided in to two following forms: Hard measures occur when restricting physical and financial on access. (Parking fees, road closures, zoning, fencing, limited visitor numbers) Zoning and paid roads are common thing in big cities such as Moscow and London. Certain fees need to be paid in order to pass the bridge or enter other zone. Also hard measures are applied when during the festival or any other celebration the city centre is closed and any type of motor transport in not permitted. In Edinburgh that happens during the Hoghmoney when all action takes in the city centre. Soft measures – associated with encouraging desired behaviours rather than restricting undesirable ones. (Education, interpretation, marketing and promotion) In Scottish Boarders Forest District the soft measures has been implemented to manage the tourists and minimise the impacts from tourism activities. Signposting for mountain- trail has been provided. The Osprey Visitor Centre offers a variety of information and education for people of different ages. A lot of illustrative material is offered. Local volunteers are integrated in the educational activities. Available rangers on site to help and give needed advice. In Strathnagar village it is recommended to apply soft measure management techniques through education and interpretation. The signage should be provided to direct and guide visitors in the area. Moreover the community should consider establishing the Visitor Information Centre where leaflets, guides and verbal advice could be given to visitors. Also it is recommended to provide car parking facilities in order to avoid conflicts with locals as visitors may park on locals’ driveway. There are plenty examples for educating tourism suppliers, tour operators and visitors on sustainable tourism practice: Codes of Conduct for Visitors SNH outdoor access code The Code is based on three key principles and these apply equally to the public and to the land owners: Respect the interests of other people Care for the environment Take responsibility for your own actions Responsible access can be enjoyed over most of Scotland including urban parks, hills and woods, beaches, lochs, rivers and canals. VisitScotland Responsible Visitors Guide It is a guide for visitors to follow the simple steps to play the part in caring for our outstanding natural environment, fantastic wildlife and rich cultural heritage whilst supporting the local communities along the way. Codes of Conduct for tourism Suppliers Wild Scotland Wild Scotland produced Responsible Professional Wildlife Watching guide in order to provide a safe, professional and responsible wildlife watching experience for the tourists. VisitScotland Sustainability Team There is a clear mandate for VisitScotland to help drive sustainability within the tourism sector in Scotland. This is provided by the Scottish Government Economic Strategy and the Tourism Framework for Change, and is reflected in the VisitScotland Corporate Plan 2010/13. VisitScotland’s Sustainable Tourism Strategy 2010 – 2015 provides a clear rationale and plan for delivering our aspirations for sustainable tourism over the next five years. We will contribute to a more sustainable future for Scotland through taking direct action on issues under our control and playing an influencing role where this is not possible. This will include support for the implementation of sustainable tourism strategies at the national and local level. Business events programme The National Funding Programme complements the International Funding Programme and plays an integral role in developing domestic tourism across Scotland. By supporting events which take place outside the cities of Edinburgh and Glasgow, EventScotland is also growing Scotland’s wider events portfolio which forms the backbone of our events industry. Guidance Booklets The Business Waste Guidance Booklet is provided by VisitScotland for tourism businesses gives for tourism suppliers more detailed information on waste management and how to reduce your business waste. Tourist Signposting in Scotland- the purpose of this document is to explain which visitor facilities may be eligible for Tourist Signposting in Scotland and how to apply. Tourist Signposting is a fundamental part of providing a welcome for our visitors. In determining who is eligible for Tourist Signposting accreditation, VisitScotland uses Quality Assurance schemes to ensure that our visitors are directed to facilities that offer a consistent quality experience. Conclusion There are many positive and negative impacts on environment, socio- culture, economy from tourist activities and generally the travel and tourism industry. Tourism providers need to bear in mind that they are responsible for the damage the irresponsible tourism does and ensure that the experience for the visitors will be provided in sustainable and less harmful way Strathnagar is beautiful village with loads of potential to develop a sustainable tourism destination with a help of organizations involved.